Systematic Review: Hubungan Konsumsi Sugar Sweetened Beverages dengan Resiko Masalah Kesehatan Mental pada Orang Dewasa
Abstract
Sugar sweetened beverages (SBBs) atau minuman berkarbonasi yang diberi gula adalah minuman dengan gula tambahan dalam jumlah yang tinggi dan tambahan kalori asupan serta mengandung sedikit atau tidak ada zat gizi sama sekali. Penambahan gula pada minuman ini telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan beberapa risiko kesehatan antara lain obesitas, diabetes, hingga berdampak pada masalah kesehatan mental, karena minuman ini mengandung gula dan sirup jagung tinggi fruktosa yang meningkatkan beban glikemik diet dan trigliserida serum, serta menyebabkan resistensi insulin. Beberapa penelitian juga telah menunjukkan adanya risiko masalah kesehatan mental pada populasi yang mengkonsumsi SSBs secara terus menerus, akan tetapi belum ada review sistematis terkait hal ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara konsumsi SSBs dengan masalah kesehatan mental pada populasi dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic review. Berdasarkan penelusuran literatur, ditemukan 152 artikel dari dua database, yaitu Pubmed dan Sciencedirect. Setelah dilakukan skrining berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, terdapat 5 artikel yang eligible sesuai dengan konteks penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil telaah artikel, ditemukan bahwa tidak semua jenis SSBs dapat meningkatkan risiko kesehatan mental. SSBs yang memiliki kandungan buah memiliki kecenderungan menurunkan depresi karena mengandung antioksidan. Selain itu, SSB yang memiliki kandungan kafein juga dapat menghambat terjadinya depresi. SSBs yang mengandung buah atau sari buah atau sayuran natural memiliki kecenderungan menurunkan depresi karena kandungan antioksidan. Kandungan kafein juga dapat menghambat depresi. Berdasarkan hasil telaah artikel, ditemukan bahwa risiko depresi berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko obesitas dan diabetes pada orang yang mengkonsumsi SSBs secara terus menerus. Berdasarkan hasil telaah literatur, ditemukan bahwa risiko kesehatan mental akibat konsumsi SSBs berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko diabetes dan obesitas. Tidak semua jenis minuman SSBs memberi pengaruh pada peningkatan depresi, terkhususnya untuk SSBs yang memiliki kandungan gula dan kafein. Namun, resiko diabetes, obesitas, dan insulin resistance dari konsumsi SSBs meningkatkan resiko terkena depresi
References
Aguiar, M. J. L. de, Aguiar, C. R. R. A. de, & Guedes, R. C. A. (2011). Caffeine/nutrition interaction in the rat brain: Influence on latent inhibition and cortical spreading depression. European Journal of Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.036
Bromet, E., Andrade, L. H., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Girolamo, G. de, Graaf, R. de, Demyttenaere, K., Hu, C., Iwata, N., Karam, A. N., Kaur, J., Kostyuchenko, S., Lépine, J.-P., Levinson, D., Matschinger, H., Mora, M. E. M., Browne, M. O., Posada-Villa, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2011). Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-90
Darwish, L., Beroncal, E., Sison, M. V., & Swardfager, W. (2018). Depression in people with type 2 diabetes: current perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 11, 333–343. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S106797
Dinanti, S. D. (2023). Hubungan Kebiasaan Konsumsi Sugar Sweetened Beverage (SSB) Dengan Kejadian Overweight Pada Remaja Putri (Studi pada Remaja Putri Usia 13-15 Tahun di SMP Negeri Kota Tasikmalaya) [Universitas Siliwangi]. http://repositori.unsil.ac.id/id/eprint/10860
DiNicolantonio, J. J., O’Keefe, J. H., & Wilson, W. L. (2018). Sugar addiction: is it real? A narrative review. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 52(14). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097971
Falbe, J., Thompson, H. R., Patel, A., & Madsen, K. A. (2019). Potentially addictive properties of sugar-sweetened beverages among adolescents. National Library of Medicine, 133, 130–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.032
Ferretti, F., & Mariani, M. (2019). The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes in Southeast Asian countries. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 60(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0474-x
Gaudio, S., Rukh, G., Ciommo, V. Di, Berkins, S., Wiemerslage, L., & Schiöth, H. B. (2023). Higher fresh fruit intake relates to larger grey matter volumes in areas involved in dementia and depression: A UK Biobank study. Neuroimage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120438
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE. (2017). Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32130-X
Guo, X., Park, Y., Freedman, N. D., Sinha, R., Hollenbeck, A. R., Blair, A., & Chen, H. (2014). Sweetened beverages, coffee, and tea and depression risk among older US adults. PLOS ONE, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094715
Health.gov. (2015). 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines. health.gov. https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/dietary-guidelines/previous-dietary-guidelines/2015
Hu, D., Cheng, L., & Jiang, W. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. National Library of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.015
Johnson, R. J., Gold, M. S., Johnson, D. R., Ishimoto, T., Lanaspa, M. A., Zahniser, N. R., & Avena, N. M. (2011). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is it time to reappraise the role of sugar consumption? National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598008/
Ker, C.-R., Wu, C.-H., Lee, C.-H., Wang, S.-H., & Chan, T.-F. (2021). Increased sugar-sweetened beverage use tendency in pregnancy positively associates with peripartum Edinburgh postpartum depression scores. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94790-5
Kimura, Y., Suga, H., Kobayashi, S., & Sasaki, S. (2020). Intake of Coffee Associated With Decreased Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Japanese Women: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Epidemiology Japan Epidemiological Association, 30(8), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190010
Knüppel, A., Shipley, M. J., Llewellyn, C. H., & Brunner, E. (2017). Sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: Prospective findings from the Whitehall II study. Sci Rep, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05649-7
Lenoir, M., Serre, F., Cantin, L., & Ahmed, S. H. (2007). Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. Journal Plos one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000698
Liu, X., Zhuang, P., Li, Y., Wu, F., Wan, X., Zhang, Y., & Jiao, J. (2022). Association of fish oil supplementation with risk of incident dementia: A prospective study of 215,083 older adults. Clinical Nutrition, 41(3), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.002
Lopez, M., Tarim, M., & Saatci, E. (2017). Sugar-sweetened beverages and income: Trends and future directions. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(4), 221–244.
Luppino, F. S., Wit, L. M. de, Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3). https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2
Malik, V. S., Li, Y., Pan, A., Koning, L. De, Schernhammer, E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2019). Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults. Circulation, 139(18), 2113–2125. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401
Mendoza, I. D., Banda, J. A., Giano, Z., & Hubach, R. D. (2023). Association between adverse childhood experiences and fruit and vegetable intake among a national sample of U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine Reports, 24(35). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102339
Nouwen, A., Nefs, G., Caramlau, I., Connock, M., Winkley, K., Lloyd, C. E., Peyrot, M., & Pouwer, F. (2011). Prevalence of depression in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or undiagnosed diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Diabetes Care, 34(3). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1414
Pabayo, R., Dias, J., Hemenway, D., & Molnar, B. E. (2016). Sweetened beverage consumption is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among adolescents living in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Public Health Nutr, 19(17), 3062–3069. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016001828
Park, S. K., Chung, Y., Chang, Y., Oh, C.-M., Ryoo, J.-H., & Jung, J. Y. (2023). Longitudinal analysis for the risk of depression according to the consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage in non-diabetic and diabetic population. Scientific Journal of Reflection. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40194-6
Rocha-de-Melo, A. P., & Guedes, R. C. (1997). Spreading depression is facilitated in adult rats previously submitted to short episodes of malnutrition during the lactation period. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 30(5). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x1997000500015
Saghafian, F., Malmir, H., Saneei, P., Milajerdi, A., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2018). Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of depression: accumulative evidence from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. The British Journal of Nutrition, 119(10), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518000697
Shi, Z., Taylor, A. W., Gary Wittert, R. G., & Gill, T. K. (2010). Soft drink consumption and mental health problems among adults in Australia. Public Health Nutr, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009993132
Sim, E., Sohn, W., Choi, E.-S., & Noh, H. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption frequency in Korean adolescents: based on the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Int Dent J, 69(5), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12485
www.dietaryguidelines.gov. (2020). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. www.dietaryguidelines.gov.
https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020
/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
Yin, J., Ding, Y., Xu, F., Zhao, L., Gong, R., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2023). Does the timing of intake matter? Association between caffeine intake and depression: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.115
Yu, B., He, H., Zhang, Q., Wu, H., Du, H., Liu, L., Wang, C., Shi, H., Xia, Y., Guo, X., Liu, X., Li, C., Bao, X., Su, Q., Meng, G., Chu, J., Mei, Y., Sun, S., Wang, X., … Niu, K. (2015). Soft drink consumption is associated with depressive symptoms among adults in China. J Affect Disord, 1, 172–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.026
